Pull (\( P \)):

\[ P = \frac{W \cdot L_1 \cdot \mu}{(L + h_2 \cdot \mu) \cos \alpha + L_2 \cdot \mu \sin \alpha} \]

Where:

• \( P \) is the pull, in kilograms (kg).
• \( W \) is the animal weight, in kilograms (kg).
• \( L_1 \) is the horizontal distance between the front foot and the center of gravity of the animal, in meters (m).
• \( \mu \) is the coefficient of friction between the hoof and the ground surface.
• \( L \) is the horizontal distance between the front and rear feet, in meters (m).
• \( L_2 \) is the horizontal distance of the neck load point from the front foot, in meters (m).
• \( h_2 \) is the height of the neck load point from the ground, in meters (m).
• \( \alpha \) is the angle of the line of pull from the horizontal, in degrees (°).