For Diesel:

\[ Q_d = V_{fr} \times 0.845 \times 10917 \]

For Kerosene:

\[ Q_d = V_{fr} \times 0.7923 \times 11000 \]

For LPG:

\[ Q_d = M_{fr} \times 11767 \]

Where:

• \( Q_d \) is the heat energy demand, in kcal/hr.
• \( V_{fr} \) is the mass flow rate, in liters per hour (l/hr).
• \( M_{fr} \) is the mass flow rate, in kilograms per hour (kg/hr).
• \( HVF \) is the heating value of the fuel.