Heat Transfer Rate (\( Q_h \)):

\[ Q_h = h \cdot A \cdot (T_f - T_s) \]

Where:

• \( Q_h \) is the heat transfer rate, in watts (W).
• \( h \) is the heat transfer coefficient, in watts per square meter-kelvin (W/m²-°K).
• \( A \) is the surface area, in square meters (m²).
• \( T_f \) is the fluid temperature, in kelvin (°K).
• \( T_s \) is the surface temperature, in kelvin (°K).