Total Distance ($D$):

$$D = \frac{A}{S}$$

or

$$D = 2nL$$

Effective Area Accomplished ($Ae$):

$$Ae = wD = 2nLw$$

Overlap ($A_0$):

$$A_0 = Ae - A$$

Unplowed Area ($A_u$):

$$A_u = A - Ae$$

Where:

• $D$ is the total distance traveled, in meters (m).
• $A$ is the area of the plot, in square meters (m²).
• $L$ is the length of the plot, in meters (m).
• $S$ is the average swath, in meters (m).
• $n$ is the number of rounds.
• $w$ is the width of the plow or rotary tiller, in meters (m).
• $A_0$ is the overlap area, in square meters (m²).
• $A_u$ is the unplowed area, in square meters (m²).