Collector Area (\( A_c = \frac{m \times C_p}{\eta \times Q_o \times \cos(\alpha)} \times (T_2 - T_1) \)):

Where:

• \( A_c \) is the collector area, in square meters (m²).
• \( m \) is the mass of water, in kilograms (kg).
• \( C_p \) is the specific heat of water, 4.18 kJ/kg°C.
• \( T_2 \) is the final temperature of warm water, in degrees Celsius (°C).
• \( T_1 \) is the initial temperature of water, in degrees Celsius (°C).
• \( \eta \) is the overall efficiency of the solar plant.
• \( Q_o \) is the average global radiation density, in kilowatts per square meter (kW/m²).
• \( \alpha \) is the angle between a line perpendicular to the surface and the direction of radiation, in degrees.