Piston Displacement (\( D_p = \frac{\pi d^2 L}{4 \times 1000} \)):

Where:

• \( D_p \) is the piston displacement, in liters.
• \( d \) is the diameter of the cylinder, in centimeters (cm).
• \( L \) is the length of actual piston travel, in centimeters (cm).