Axle Power (\( P_d = P_w - P_l \) or \( P_d = P_w - (P_s + P_r) \)):

Where:

• \( P_d \) is the drawbar power or effective power, in kilowatts (kW).
• \( P_w \) is the wheel axle power, in kilowatts (kW).
• \( P_l \) is the lost power, in kilowatts (kW).
• \( P_s \) is the lost power by slip of wheel, in kilowatts (kW).
• \( P_r \) is the lost power by rolling resistance, in kilowatts (kW).